pci.txt 27 KB

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  1. How To Write Linux PCI Drivers
  2. by Martin Mares <mj@ucw.cz> on 07-Feb-2000
  3. updated by Grant Grundler <grundler@parisc-linux.org> on 23-Dec-2006
  4. ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
  5. The world of PCI is vast and full of (mostly unpleasant) surprises.
  6. Since each CPU architecture implements different chip-sets and PCI devices
  7. have different requirements (erm, "features"), the result is the PCI support
  8. in the Linux kernel is not as trivial as one would wish. This short paper
  9. tries to introduce all potential driver authors to Linux APIs for
  10. PCI device drivers.
  11. A more complete resource is the third edition of "Linux Device Drivers"
  12. by Jonathan Corbet, Alessandro Rubini, and Greg Kroah-Hartman.
  13. LDD3 is available for free (under Creative Commons License) from:
  14. http://lwn.net/Kernel/LDD3/
  15. However, keep in mind that all documents are subject to "bit rot".
  16. Refer to the source code if things are not working as described here.
  17. Please send questions/comments/patches about Linux PCI API to the
  18. "Linux PCI" <linux-pci@atrey.karlin.mff.cuni.cz> mailing list.
  19. 0. Structure of PCI drivers
  20. ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
  21. PCI drivers "discover" PCI devices in a system via pci_register_driver().
  22. Actually, it's the other way around. When the PCI generic code discovers
  23. a new device, the driver with a matching "description" will be notified.
  24. Details on this below.
  25. pci_register_driver() leaves most of the probing for devices to
  26. the PCI layer and supports online insertion/removal of devices [thus
  27. supporting hot-pluggable PCI, CardBus, and Express-Card in a single driver].
  28. pci_register_driver() call requires passing in a table of function
  29. pointers and thus dictates the high level structure of a driver.
  30. Once the driver knows about a PCI device and takes ownership, the
  31. driver generally needs to perform the following initialization:
  32. Enable the device
  33. Request MMIO/IOP resources
  34. Set the DMA mask size (for both coherent and streaming DMA)
  35. Allocate and initialize shared control data (pci_allocate_coherent())
  36. Access device configuration space (if needed)
  37. Register IRQ handler (request_irq())
  38. Initialize non-PCI (i.e. LAN/SCSI/etc parts of the chip)
  39. Enable DMA/processing engines
  40. When done using the device, and perhaps the module needs to be unloaded,
  41. the driver needs to take the follow steps:
  42. Disable the device from generating IRQs
  43. Release the IRQ (free_irq())
  44. Stop all DMA activity
  45. Release DMA buffers (both streaming and coherent)
  46. Unregister from other subsystems (e.g. scsi or netdev)
  47. Release MMIO/IOP resources
  48. Disable the device
  49. Most of these topics are covered in the following sections.
  50. For the rest look at LDD3 or <linux/pci.h> .
  51. If the PCI subsystem is not configured (CONFIG_PCI is not set), most of
  52. the PCI functions described below are defined as inline functions either
  53. completely empty or just returning an appropriate error codes to avoid
  54. lots of ifdefs in the drivers.
  55. 1. pci_register_driver() call
  56. ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
  57. PCI device drivers call pci_register_driver() during their
  58. initialization with a pointer to a structure describing the driver
  59. (struct pci_driver):
  60. field name Description
  61. ---------- ------------------------------------------------------
  62. id_table Pointer to table of device ID's the driver is
  63. interested in. Most drivers should export this
  64. table using MODULE_DEVICE_TABLE(pci,...).
  65. probe This probing function gets called (during execution
  66. of pci_register_driver() for already existing
  67. devices or later if a new device gets inserted) for
  68. all PCI devices which match the ID table and are not
  69. "owned" by the other drivers yet. This function gets
  70. passed a "struct pci_dev *" for each device whose
  71. entry in the ID table matches the device. The probe
  72. function returns zero when the driver chooses to
  73. take "ownership" of the device or an error code
  74. (negative number) otherwise.
  75. The probe function always gets called from process
  76. context, so it can sleep.
  77. remove The remove() function gets called whenever a device
  78. being handled by this driver is removed (either during
  79. deregistration of the driver or when it's manually
  80. pulled out of a hot-pluggable slot).
  81. The remove function always gets called from process
  82. context, so it can sleep.
  83. suspend Put device into low power state.
  84. suspend_late Put device into low power state.
  85. resume_early Wake device from low power state.
  86. resume Wake device from low power state.
  87. (Please see Documentation/power/pci.txt for descriptions
  88. of PCI Power Management and the related functions.)
  89. enable_wake Enable device to generate wake events from a low power
  90. state.
  91. shutdown Hook into reboot_notifier_list (kernel/sys.c).
  92. Intended to stop any idling DMA operations.
  93. Useful for enabling wake-on-lan (NIC) or changing
  94. the power state of a device before reboot.
  95. e.g. drivers/net/e100.c.
  96. err_handler See Documentation/pci-error-recovery.txt
  97. multithread_probe Enable multi-threaded probe/scan. Driver must
  98. provide its own locking/syncronization for init
  99. operations if this is enabled.
  100. The ID table is an array of struct pci_device_id entries ending with an
  101. all-zero entry. Each entry consists of:
  102. vendor,device Vendor and device ID to match (or PCI_ANY_ID)
  103. subvendor, Subsystem vendor and device ID to match (or PCI_ANY_ID)
  104. subdevice,
  105. class Device class, subclass, and "interface" to match.
  106. See Appendix D of the PCI Local Bus Spec or
  107. include/linux/pci_ids.h for a full list of classes.
  108. Most drivers do not need to specify class/class_mask
  109. as vendor/device is normally sufficient.
  110. class_mask limit which sub-fields of the class field are compared.
  111. See drivers/scsi/sym53c8xx_2/ for example of usage.
  112. driver_data Data private to the driver.
  113. Most drivers don't need to use driver_data field.
  114. Best practice is to use driver_data as an index
  115. into a static list of equivalent device types,
  116. instead of using it as a pointer.
  117. Most drivers only need PCI_DEVICE() or PCI_DEVICE_CLASS() to set up
  118. a pci_device_id table.
  119. New PCI IDs may be added to a device driver pci_ids table at runtime
  120. as shown below:
  121. echo "vendor device subvendor subdevice class class_mask driver_data" > \
  122. /sys/bus/pci/drivers/{driver}/new_id
  123. All fields are passed in as hexadecimal values (no leading 0x).
  124. Users need pass only as many fields as necessary:
  125. o vendor, device, subvendor, and subdevice fields default
  126. to PCI_ANY_ID (FFFFFFFF),
  127. o class and classmask fields default to 0
  128. o driver_data defaults to 0UL.
  129. Once added, the driver probe routine will be invoked for any unclaimed
  130. PCI devices listed in its (newly updated) pci_ids list.
  131. When the driver exits, it just calls pci_unregister_driver() and the PCI layer
  132. automatically calls the remove hook for all devices handled by the driver.
  133. 1.1 "Attributes" for driver functions/data
  134. Please mark the initialization and cleanup functions where appropriate
  135. (the corresponding macros are defined in <linux/init.h>):
  136. __init Initialization code. Thrown away after the driver
  137. initializes.
  138. __exit Exit code. Ignored for non-modular drivers.
  139. __devinit Device initialization code.
  140. Identical to __init if the kernel is not compiled
  141. with CONFIG_HOTPLUG, normal function otherwise.
  142. __devexit The same for __exit.
  143. Tips on when/where to use the above attributes:
  144. o The module_init()/module_exit() functions (and all
  145. initialization functions called _only_ from these)
  146. should be marked __init/__exit.
  147. o Do not mark the struct pci_driver.
  148. o The ID table array should be marked __devinitdata.
  149. o The probe() and remove() functions should be marked __devinit
  150. and __devexit respectively. All initialization functions
  151. exclusively called by the probe() routine, can be marked __devinit.
  152. Ditto for remove() and __devexit.
  153. o If mydriver_remove() is marked with __devexit(), then all address
  154. references to mydriver_remove must use __devexit_p(mydriver_remove)
  155. (in the struct pci_driver declaration for example).
  156. __devexit_p() will generate the function name _or_ NULL if the
  157. function will be discarded. For an example, see drivers/net/tg3.c.
  158. o Do NOT mark a function if you are not sure which mark to use.
  159. Better to not mark the function than mark the function wrong.
  160. 2. How to find PCI devices manually
  161. ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
  162. PCI drivers should have a really good reason for not using the
  163. pci_register_driver() interface to search for PCI devices.
  164. The main reason PCI devices are controlled by multiple drivers
  165. is because one PCI device implements several different HW services.
  166. E.g. combined serial/parallel port/floppy controller.
  167. A manual search may be performed using the following constructs:
  168. Searching by vendor and device ID:
  169. struct pci_dev *dev = NULL;
  170. while (dev = pci_get_device(VENDOR_ID, DEVICE_ID, dev))
  171. configure_device(dev);
  172. Searching by class ID (iterate in a similar way):
  173. pci_get_class(CLASS_ID, dev)
  174. Searching by both vendor/device and subsystem vendor/device ID:
  175. pci_get_subsys(VENDOR_ID,DEVICE_ID, SUBSYS_VENDOR_ID, SUBSYS_DEVICE_ID, dev).
  176. You can use the constant PCI_ANY_ID as a wildcard replacement for
  177. VENDOR_ID or DEVICE_ID. This allows searching for any device from a
  178. specific vendor, for example.
  179. These functions are hotplug-safe. They increment the reference count on
  180. the pci_dev that they return. You must eventually (possibly at module unload)
  181. decrement the reference count on these devices by calling pci_dev_put().
  182. 3. Device Initialization Steps
  183. ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
  184. As noted in the introduction, most PCI drivers need the following steps
  185. for device initialization:
  186. Enable the device
  187. Request MMIO/IOP resources
  188. Set the DMA mask size (for both coherent and streaming DMA)
  189. Allocate and initialize shared control data (pci_allocate_coherent())
  190. Access device configuration space (if needed)
  191. Register IRQ handler (request_irq())
  192. Initialize non-PCI (i.e. LAN/SCSI/etc parts of the chip)
  193. Enable DMA/processing engines.
  194. The driver can access PCI config space registers at any time.
  195. (Well, almost. When running BIST, config space can go away...but
  196. that will just result in a PCI Bus Master Abort and config reads
  197. will return garbage).
  198. 3.1 Enable the PCI device
  199. ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
  200. Before touching any device registers, the driver needs to enable
  201. the PCI device by calling pci_enable_device(). This will:
  202. o wake up the device if it was in suspended state,
  203. o allocate I/O and memory regions of the device (if BIOS did not),
  204. o allocate an IRQ (if BIOS did not).
  205. NOTE: pci_enable_device() can fail! Check the return value.
  206. NOTE2: Also see pci_enable_device_bars() below. Drivers can
  207. attempt to enable only a subset of BARs they need.
  208. [ OS BUG: we don't check resource allocations before enabling those
  209. resources. The sequence would make more sense if we called
  210. pci_request_resources() before calling pci_enable_device().
  211. Currently, the device drivers can't detect the bug when when two
  212. devices have been allocated the same range. This is not a common
  213. problem and unlikely to get fixed soon.
  214. This has been discussed before but not changed as of 2.6.19:
  215. http://lkml.org/lkml/2006/3/2/194
  216. ]
  217. pci_set_master() will enable DMA by setting the bus master bit
  218. in the PCI_COMMAND register. It also fixes the latency timer value if
  219. it's set to something bogus by the BIOS.
  220. If the PCI device can use the PCI Memory-Write-Invalidate transaction,
  221. call pci_set_mwi(). This enables the PCI_COMMAND bit for Mem-Wr-Inval
  222. and also ensures that the cache line size register is set correctly.
  223. Check the return value of pci_set_mwi() as not all architectures
  224. or chip-sets may support Memory-Write-Invalidate.
  225. 3.2 Request MMIO/IOP resources
  226. ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
  227. Memory (MMIO), and I/O port addresses should NOT be read directly
  228. from the PCI device config space. Use the values in the pci_dev structure
  229. as the PCI "bus address" might have been remapped to a "host physical"
  230. address by the arch/chip-set specific kernel support.
  231. See Documentation/IO-mapping.txt for how to access device registers
  232. or device memory.
  233. The device driver needs to call pci_request_region() to verify
  234. no other device is already using the same address resource.
  235. Conversely, drivers should call pci_release_region() AFTER
  236. calling pci_disable_device().
  237. The idea is to prevent two devices colliding on the same address range.
  238. [ See OS BUG comment above. Currently (2.6.19), The driver can only
  239. determine MMIO and IO Port resource availability _after_ calling
  240. pci_enable_device(). ]
  241. Generic flavors of pci_request_region() are request_mem_region()
  242. (for MMIO ranges) and request_region() (for IO Port ranges).
  243. Use these for address resources that are not described by "normal" PCI
  244. BARs.
  245. Also see pci_request_selected_regions() below.
  246. 3.3 Set the DMA mask size
  247. ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
  248. [ If anything below doesn't make sense, please refer to
  249. Documentation/DMA-API.txt. This section is just a reminder that
  250. drivers need to indicate DMA capabilities of the device and is not
  251. an authoritative source for DMA interfaces. ]
  252. While all drivers should explicitly indicate the DMA capability
  253. (e.g. 32 or 64 bit) of the PCI bus master, devices with more than
  254. 32-bit bus master capability for streaming data need the driver
  255. to "register" this capability by calling pci_set_dma_mask() with
  256. appropriate parameters. In general this allows more efficient DMA
  257. on systems where System RAM exists above 4G _physical_ address.
  258. Drivers for all PCI-X and PCIe compliant devices must call
  259. pci_set_dma_mask() as they are 64-bit DMA devices.
  260. Similarly, drivers must also "register" this capability if the device
  261. can directly address "consistent memory" in System RAM above 4G physical
  262. address by calling pci_set_consistent_dma_mask().
  263. Again, this includes drivers for all PCI-X and PCIe compliant devices.
  264. Many 64-bit "PCI" devices (before PCI-X) and some PCI-X devices are
  265. 64-bit DMA capable for payload ("streaming") data but not control
  266. ("consistent") data.
  267. 3.4 Setup shared control data
  268. ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
  269. Once the DMA masks are set, the driver can allocate "consistent" (a.k.a. shared)
  270. memory. See Documentation/DMA-API.txt for a full description of
  271. the DMA APIs. This section is just a reminder that it needs to be done
  272. before enabling DMA on the device.
  273. 3.5 Initialize device registers
  274. ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
  275. Some drivers will need specific "capability" fields programmed
  276. or other "vendor specific" register initialized or reset.
  277. E.g. clearing pending interrupts.
  278. 3.6 Register IRQ handler
  279. ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
  280. While calling request_irq() is the the last step described here,
  281. this is often just another intermediate step to initialize a device.
  282. This step can often be deferred until the device is opened for use.
  283. All interrupt handlers for IRQ lines should be registered with IRQF_SHARED
  284. and use the devid to map IRQs to devices (remember that all PCI IRQ lines
  285. can be shared).
  286. request_irq() will associate an interrupt handler and device handle
  287. with an interrupt number. Historically interrupt numbers represent
  288. IRQ lines which run from the PCI device to the Interrupt controller.
  289. With MSI and MSI-X (more below) the interrupt number is a CPU "vector".
  290. request_irq() also enables the interrupt. Make sure the device is
  291. quiesced and does not have any interrupts pending before registering
  292. the interrupt handler.
  293. MSI and MSI-X are PCI capabilities. Both are "Message Signaled Interrupts"
  294. which deliver interrupts to the CPU via a DMA write to a Local APIC.
  295. The fundamental difference between MSI and MSI-X is how multiple
  296. "vectors" get allocated. MSI requires contiguous blocks of vectors
  297. while MSI-X can allocate several individual ones.
  298. MSI capability can be enabled by calling pci_enable_msi() or
  299. pci_enable_msix() before calling request_irq(). This causes
  300. the PCI support to program CPU vector data into the PCI device
  301. capability registers.
  302. If your PCI device supports both, try to enable MSI-X first.
  303. Only one can be enabled at a time. Many architectures, chip-sets,
  304. or BIOSes do NOT support MSI or MSI-X and the call to pci_enable_msi/msix
  305. will fail. This is important to note since many drivers have
  306. two (or more) interrupt handlers: one for MSI/MSI-X and another for IRQs.
  307. They choose which handler to register with request_irq() based on the
  308. return value from pci_enable_msi/msix().
  309. There are (at least) two really good reasons for using MSI:
  310. 1) MSI is an exclusive interrupt vector by definition.
  311. This means the interrupt handler doesn't have to verify
  312. its device caused the interrupt.
  313. 2) MSI avoids DMA/IRQ race conditions. DMA to host memory is guaranteed
  314. to be visible to the host CPU(s) when the MSI is delivered. This
  315. is important for both data coherency and avoiding stale control data.
  316. This guarantee allows the driver to omit MMIO reads to flush
  317. the DMA stream.
  318. See drivers/infiniband/hw/mthca/ or drivers/net/tg3.c for examples
  319. of MSI/MSI-X usage.
  320. 4. PCI device shutdown
  321. ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
  322. When a PCI device driver is being unloaded, most of the following
  323. steps need to be performed:
  324. Disable the device from generating IRQs
  325. Release the IRQ (free_irq())
  326. Stop all DMA activity
  327. Release DMA buffers (both streaming and consistent)
  328. Unregister from other subsystems (e.g. scsi or netdev)
  329. Disable device from responding to MMIO/IO Port addresses
  330. Release MMIO/IO Port resource(s)
  331. 4.1 Stop IRQs on the device
  332. ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
  333. How to do this is chip/device specific. If it's not done, it opens
  334. the possibility of a "screaming interrupt" if (and only if)
  335. the IRQ is shared with another device.
  336. When the shared IRQ handler is "unhooked", the remaining devices
  337. using the same IRQ line will still need the IRQ enabled. Thus if the
  338. "unhooked" device asserts IRQ line, the system will respond assuming
  339. it was one of the remaining devices asserted the IRQ line. Since none
  340. of the other devices will handle the IRQ, the system will "hang" until
  341. it decides the IRQ isn't going to get handled and masks the IRQ (100,000
  342. iterations later). Once the shared IRQ is masked, the remaining devices
  343. will stop functioning properly. Not a nice situation.
  344. This is another reason to use MSI or MSI-X if it's available.
  345. MSI and MSI-X are defined to be exclusive interrupts and thus
  346. are not susceptible to the "screaming interrupt" problem.
  347. 4.2 Release the IRQ
  348. ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
  349. Once the device is quiesced (no more IRQs), one can call free_irq().
  350. This function will return control once any pending IRQs are handled,
  351. "unhook" the drivers IRQ handler from that IRQ, and finally release
  352. the IRQ if no one else is using it.
  353. 4.3 Stop all DMA activity
  354. ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
  355. It's extremely important to stop all DMA operations BEFORE attempting
  356. to deallocate DMA control data. Failure to do so can result in memory
  357. corruption, hangs, and on some chip-sets a hard crash.
  358. Stopping DMA after stopping the IRQs can avoid races where the
  359. IRQ handler might restart DMA engines.
  360. While this step sounds obvious and trivial, several "mature" drivers
  361. didn't get this step right in the past.
  362. 4.4 Release DMA buffers
  363. ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
  364. Once DMA is stopped, clean up streaming DMA first.
  365. I.e. unmap data buffers and return buffers to "upstream"
  366. owners if there is one.
  367. Then clean up "consistent" buffers which contain the control data.
  368. See Documentation/DMA-API.txt for details on unmapping interfaces.
  369. 4.5 Unregister from other subsystems
  370. ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
  371. Most low level PCI device drivers support some other subsystem
  372. like USB, ALSA, SCSI, NetDev, Infiniband, etc. Make sure your
  373. driver isn't losing resources from that other subsystem.
  374. If this happens, typically the symptom is an Oops (panic) when
  375. the subsystem attempts to call into a driver that has been unloaded.
  376. 4.6 Disable Device from responding to MMIO/IO Port addresses
  377. ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
  378. io_unmap() MMIO or IO Port resources and then call pci_disable_device().
  379. This is the symmetric opposite of pci_enable_device().
  380. Do not access device registers after calling pci_disable_device().
  381. 4.7 Release MMIO/IO Port Resource(s)
  382. ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
  383. Call pci_release_region() to mark the MMIO or IO Port range as available.
  384. Failure to do so usually results in the inability to reload the driver.
  385. 5. How to access PCI config space
  386. ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
  387. You can use pci_(read|write)_config_(byte|word|dword) to access the config
  388. space of a device represented by struct pci_dev *. All these functions return 0
  389. when successful or an error code (PCIBIOS_...) which can be translated to a text
  390. string by pcibios_strerror. Most drivers expect that accesses to valid PCI
  391. devices don't fail.
  392. If you don't have a struct pci_dev available, you can call
  393. pci_bus_(read|write)_config_(byte|word|dword) to access a given device
  394. and function on that bus.
  395. If you access fields in the standard portion of the config header, please
  396. use symbolic names of locations and bits declared in <linux/pci.h>.
  397. If you need to access Extended PCI Capability registers, just call
  398. pci_find_capability() for the particular capability and it will find the
  399. corresponding register block for you.
  400. 6. Other interesting functions
  401. ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
  402. pci_find_slot() Find pci_dev corresponding to given bus and
  403. slot numbers.
  404. pci_set_power_state() Set PCI Power Management state (0=D0 ... 3=D3)
  405. pci_find_capability() Find specified capability in device's capability
  406. list.
  407. pci_module_init() Inline helper function for ensuring correct
  408. pci_driver initialization and error handling.
  409. pci_resource_start() Returns bus start address for a given PCI region
  410. pci_resource_end() Returns bus end address for a given PCI region
  411. pci_resource_len() Returns the byte length of a PCI region
  412. pci_set_drvdata() Set private driver data pointer for a pci_dev
  413. pci_get_drvdata() Return private driver data pointer for a pci_dev
  414. pci_set_mwi() Enable Memory-Write-Invalidate transactions.
  415. pci_clear_mwi() Disable Memory-Write-Invalidate transactions.
  416. 7. Miscellaneous hints
  417. ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
  418. When displaying PCI device names to the user (for example when a driver wants
  419. to tell the user what card has it found), please use pci_name(pci_dev).
  420. Always refer to the PCI devices by a pointer to the pci_dev structure.
  421. All PCI layer functions use this identification and it's the only
  422. reasonable one. Don't use bus/slot/function numbers except for very
  423. special purposes -- on systems with multiple primary buses their semantics
  424. can be pretty complex.
  425. Don't try to turn on Fast Back to Back writes in your driver. All devices
  426. on the bus need to be capable of doing it, so this is something which needs
  427. to be handled by platform and generic code, not individual drivers.
  428. 8. Vendor and device identifications
  429. ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
  430. One is not not required to add new device ids to include/linux/pci_ids.h.
  431. Please add PCI_VENDOR_ID_xxx for vendors and a hex constant for device ids.
  432. PCI_VENDOR_ID_xxx constants are re-used. The device ids are arbitrary
  433. hex numbers (vendor controlled) and normally used only in a single
  434. location, the pci_device_id table.
  435. Please DO submit new vendor/device ids to pciids.sourceforge.net project.
  436. 9. Obsolete functions
  437. ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
  438. There are several functions which you might come across when trying to
  439. port an old driver to the new PCI interface. They are no longer present
  440. in the kernel as they aren't compatible with hotplug or PCI domains or
  441. having sane locking.
  442. pci_find_device() Superseded by pci_get_device()
  443. pci_find_subsys() Superseded by pci_get_subsys()
  444. pci_find_slot() Superseded by pci_get_slot()
  445. The alternative is the traditional PCI device driver that walks PCI
  446. device lists. This is still possible but discouraged.
  447. 10. pci_enable_device_bars() and Legacy I/O Port space
  448. ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
  449. Large servers may not be able to provide I/O port resources to all PCI
  450. devices. I/O Port space is only 64KB on Intel Architecture[1] and is
  451. likely also fragmented since the I/O base register of PCI-to-PCI
  452. bridge will usually be aligned to a 4KB boundary[2]. On such systems,
  453. pci_enable_device() and pci_request_region() will fail when
  454. attempting to enable I/O Port regions that don't have I/O Port
  455. resources assigned.
  456. Fortunately, many PCI devices which request I/O Port resources also
  457. provide access to the same registers via MMIO BARs. These devices can
  458. be handled without using I/O port space and the drivers typically
  459. offer a CONFIG_ option to only use MMIO regions
  460. (e.g. CONFIG_TULIP_MMIO). PCI devices typically provide I/O port
  461. interface for legacy OSes and will work when I/O port resources are not
  462. assigned. The "PCI Local Bus Specification Revision 3.0" discusses
  463. this on p.44, "IMPLEMENTATION NOTE".
  464. If your PCI device driver doesn't need I/O port resources assigned to
  465. I/O Port BARs, you should use pci_enable_device_bars() instead of
  466. pci_enable_device() in order not to enable I/O port regions for the
  467. corresponding devices. In addition, you should use
  468. pci_request_selected_regions() and pci_release_selected_regions()
  469. instead of pci_request_regions()/pci_release_regions() in order not to
  470. request/release I/O port regions for the corresponding devices.
  471. [1] Some systems support 64KB I/O port space per PCI segment.
  472. [2] Some PCI-to-PCI bridges support optional 1KB aligned I/O base.
  473. 11. MMIO Space and "Write Posting"
  474. ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
  475. Converting a driver from using I/O Port space to using MMIO space
  476. often requires some additional changes. Specifically, "write posting"
  477. needs to be handled. Many drivers (e.g. tg3, acenic, sym53c8xx_2)
  478. already do this. I/O Port space guarantees write transactions reach the PCI
  479. device before the CPU can continue. Writes to MMIO space allow the CPU
  480. to continue before the transaction reaches the PCI device. HW weenies
  481. call this "Write Posting" because the write completion is "posted" to
  482. the CPU before the transaction has reached its destination.
  483. Thus, timing sensitive code should add readl() where the CPU is
  484. expected to wait before doing other work. The classic "bit banging"
  485. sequence works fine for I/O Port space:
  486. for (i = 8; --i; val >>= 1) {
  487. outb(val & 1, ioport_reg); /* write bit */
  488. udelay(10);
  489. }
  490. The same sequence for MMIO space should be:
  491. for (i = 8; --i; val >>= 1) {
  492. writeb(val & 1, mmio_reg); /* write bit */
  493. readb(safe_mmio_reg); /* flush posted write */
  494. udelay(10);
  495. }
  496. It is important that "safe_mmio_reg" not have any side effects that
  497. interferes with the correct operation of the device.
  498. Another case to watch out for is when resetting a PCI device. Use PCI
  499. Configuration space reads to flush the writel(). This will gracefully
  500. handle the PCI master abort on all platforms if the PCI device is
  501. expected to not respond to a readl(). Most x86 platforms will allow
  502. MMIO reads to master abort (a.k.a. "Soft Fail") and return garbage
  503. (e.g. ~0). But many RISC platforms will crash (a.k.a."Hard Fail").