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- .\" $Id$
- .TH NS_AS 6 "$Revision$"
- .ad
- .SH NAME
- ns_as \- National Semiconductor 16032 assembler
- .SH SYNOPSIS
- ~em/lib.bin/ns/as [options] argument ...
- .SH DESCRIPTION
- The assembler for the National Semiconductor 16032 is based
- on the universal assembler \fIuni_ass\fP(6). It is an assembler generating
- relocatable object code in \fIack.out\fP(5) format.
- The mnemonics for the instructions are taken from the NS-16000
- Programmers Reference Manual.
- The syntax of the instruction operands is similar to the syntax used
- in that manual,
- although the meaning is sometimes quite different.
- The cross assembler issued by National Semiconductor
- associates a type (sb,..) with each symbol
- and automatically generates sb offset mode for symbols of type sb.
- This assembler does not record the types,
- each symbol simply produces an untyped value.
- .sp 1
- The possible operands are:
- .IP "general registers
- These are called r0, r1, r2, r3, r4, r5, r6 and r7.
- The symbol REG is used to indicate use of any of these 8 registers
- in other operands.
- .IP "floating point registers
- These are called f0, f1, f2, f3, f4, f5, f6 and f7.
- .IP "dedicated registers
- All types of dedicated registers can be used with the appropriate instructions.
- Examples: sb, fp, intbase, ptb1.
- .IP expr(REG)
- register relative
- .IP expr(fp)
- frame pointer relative
- .IP expr(sb)
- static base relative
- .IP expr(sp)
- stack pointer relative
- .IP expr(pc)
- program counter relative,
- the expression indicates a location in memory from which the current value
- of '.' is subtracted by the assembler.
- E.g. "movw label(pc),r0; label: .word ..." moves the contents of the word
- at \fIlabel\fP to r0.
- .IP expr(expr(fb))
- .IP expr(expr(sb))
- .IP expr(expr(sp))
- memory relative
- .IP @expr
- absolute
- .IP external(expr)+expr
- external
- .IP tos
- top of stack.
- .PD 0
- .sp 1
- .PP
- Usage of the scaled index operands is allowed.
- .br
- The convention used to indicate offset length by appending :B, :W or :D
- to offsets is not implemented.
- The assembler tries to find out the minimal size needed for any constant
- in an operand of the instruction placed in the text segment.
- Offsets in instructions outside \fI.text\fP are always four bytes.
- .PP
- All special operands, e.g. register list, configuration list, have
- the same format as in the Programmers Reference Manual.
- .PP
- Whenever possible the assembler automatically uses the short(quick) opcodes for
- jsr(jsb), jump(br), add(addq), cmp(cmpq) and mov(movq).
- .SH BUGS
- The data types floating and packed-decimal are not supported.
- .br
- Initialization of floating-point numbers is not possible.
- .br
- The mnemonics of the slave processor instructions are poorly documented,
- the format of the NS-16032S-6 data sheet is used.
- .br
- The documentation gave contradictory information on the format
- of a few instructions.
- .IP -
- Three different schemes are presented for the encoding
- of the last operand of the block instructions.
- .IP -
- Two different values are specified for
- the encoding of the msr register in smr and lmr instructions.
- .IP -
- Two different possibilities are given for the encoding of
- the instructions movsu and movus.
- .SH "SEE ALSO"
- uni_ass(6)
- ack(1),
- ack.out(5),
- .br
- NS 16000 Programmers Reference Manual. Publ. no. 420306565-001PB
- .br
- NS16032S-6, NS16032S-4 High Performance Microprocessors, november 1982
- .br
- publ. no. 420306619-002A.
- .PD 0
- .SH AUTHOR
- Ed Keizer, Vrije Universiteit
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